Can you exclude all liability in a Dutch contract?

No. Exclusions for intent or deliberate recklessness, and unreasonably onerous caps, can be set aside under BW 6:248 and BW 6:233.

What is a typical liability cap?

Often the fees paid over the prior 12 months, though high-value or high-risk deals use multiples or separate caps for specific claims.

Is the liability cap mutual?

Not automatically. Both parties should consider whether the cap should apply equally or whether one side, for example a data processor, warrants a different cap.

Do carve-outs from the cap increase risk for the capped party?

Yes. Each carve-out, such as for IP infringement, data breaches or fraud, leaves the capped party with potentially unlimited exposure for those specific claims.

What is the difference between direct and consequential loss?

Direct loss flows naturally from the breach itself; consequential loss is indirect, for example lost profits or third-party claims. Many clauses exclude consequential loss, which is why defining the term precisely matters.

Limitation of Liability Clause

Caps the amount and types of damages a party can be liable for, and excludes certain categories of loss.

O que é

A limitation of liability clause caps total liability (often at fees paid) and excludes categories such as indirect or consequential loss and lost profits. It is the primary tool for keeping contractual risk proportionate to deal value.

Porque é importante

Uncapped liability can vastly exceed contract revenue and make a deal uninsurable. A balanced cap allocates risk predictably; courts may, however, set aside a cap that is unreasonably onerous or invoked in case of intent or gross negligence.

Como aplicar

Set an aggregate cap, commonly tied to fees paid over a defined period.
Exclude indirect and consequential loss, defining those terms clearly.
Carve out liabilities that cannot or should not be capped (e.g. intent, IP, data).
Make the cap mutual where bargaining power is balanced.

Exemplo de redação

Each party's total aggregate liability under this Agreement shall not exceed the fees paid in the twelve months preceding the event giving rise to the claim. Neither party is liable for indirect or consequential loss.

Dicas de negociação

• Recipients of the cap should carve out IP, confidentiality, data and personal-injury claims.
• Tie the cap to a multiple of annual fees if a single year is too low.

Erros frequentes

• Attempting to exclude liability for intent or gross negligence, which is usually unenforceable.
• Leaving "consequential loss" undefined, inviting argument over what is excluded.

Referências jurídicas

Salvo indicação em contrário, as referências remetem para o direito neerlandês (Burgerlijk Wetboek, o Código Civil neerlandês); os instrumentos da UE, como o RGPD, aplicam-se em toda a UE. Esta é informação geral, não constitui aconselhamento jurídico. Outras jurisdições tratam estes conceitos de forma diferente. Verifique o texto em vigor e a sua situação com um advogado qualificado.

Perguntas frequentes

Questões comuns sobre esta cláusula.